Technical Description: Car Engines
MD Miah
Writing For Engineering
Professor Von Uhl
March 21, 2021
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Table of contents:
~ Historical Background_Page 3
~ Diagram_Page 4
~ Mechanical Components_Pages 5 – 7
~Function/Conclusion_Page 8
~ Work Cited_Page 9
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Historical Background
A car engine is a machine that converts heat from burning gas into a force that rotates the wheels of the car (Cox, 2017). Its initiation started with Carl Benz (Cox, 2017). Benz was the primary business visionary to present a working car with a burning motor onto the market (Cox, 2017). However, toward the end of the nineteenth century, the improvement of the vehicle engine ended up at something of a junction (Cox, 2017). Various people of different professions followed their ideas in making improvements to the car engine (Cox, 2017). In 1863, Belgian creator, Étienne Lenoir had driven his “hippo mobile” nine kilometers from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont and back (Cox, 2017). It was controlled by Lenoir’s gas motor and fuelled by a turpentine subordinate – in this manner procuring it the qualification of the main vehicle with an inner ignition motor (Cox, 2017). Unlike the steam motor, the fuel was not consumed outside the motor and the subsequent warmth coordinated into the chambers (Cox, 2017). The dynamic energy was produced by unstable ignition inside the engine (Cox, 2017). However, the hippo mobile never made it past the advancement stage (Cox, 2017). It was excessively substantial, and its two-cycle motor was only able to do 100 cycles each second (Cox, 2017). Implying that the vehicle’s normal speed was around six kilometers each hour, a speed that even a comfortable buggy would almost have the option to coordinate (Cox, 2017). Benz’s patent engine vehicle with its four-phase motor, then again, was equipped for 400 cycles each second and a most extreme speed of 16 km/h (Cox, 2017). Benz based the improvement of this motor on crafted by Nicolaus August Otto – who had himself utilized the Lenoir gas motor as a layout for an additional turn of events (Cox, 2017). The Lenoir gas motor, licensed in 1959, created a genuine uproar at that point and was viewed as the main option in contrast to the huge and weighty steam motor (Cox, 2017). Provided with gas from the metropolitan lattice, the tranquil engine was conveyed to drive such hardware as print machines and weavers (Cox, 2017). Nonetheless, its development implied that it required an amazing water-cooling framework and, most importantly, immense volumes of gas (Cox, 2017). Its proficiency was somewhere in the range of three and four percent, which implied that it could change over just a little extent of the energy contained in the fuel into mechanical energy (Cox, 2017).
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Diagram
Figure 1: Car Engine ([[The parts of an overhead-camshaft engine]], 2019)
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Mechanical Components
Cylinder
These objects are barrel-shaped devices with a level surface on top (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The job of a Cylinder is to move energy made from ignition to the Driving Rod to impel the vehicle (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Cylinders travel all over inside the chamber twice during every revolution of the Driving Rod (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Cylinders on motors that turn at 1250 RPM, will go all over 2500 times each moment (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Inside the Cylinder lie cylindrical rings that help to increase pressure and decrease the erosion from the consistent scouring of the chamber (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
Crankshaft
The Crankshaft, a metal part, is placed below the Cylinder block in a casing called the Crankcase (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). In multi-cylinder engines, one crankpin per cylinder is provided to attach the piston by the connecting rod (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Crankshafts have some counterbalance weights which are either bolted to the crank body or form an integral part and are called crank balance (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Crankshafts may be manufactured in parts or as a single piece (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). They are made from steel by roll forging process or from ductile steel through casting (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The single-piece Crankshafts are made from carbon steel followed by heat treatment (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
Camshaft
The Camshaft is a metal, cylindrical object (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). It’s a shaft to which cams are fitted or are machined (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The function of the Camshaft is to operate the valves directly by sitting over them, or indirectly through a mechanism (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Camshaft rotation decides the valve timing and is of critical importance (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The opening and closing of valves are governed by a Camshaft which is coupled to the Crankshaft either directly through a reduction gear or indirectly through a pulley and a timing belt (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Engines in which the Camshaft is coupled to the crank by a gear require a pushrod and tappet mechanism along with rocker arms (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The gear on the crank has half the teeth than on the Camshaft gear (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). This causes the Camshaft to run at half the RPM of the crank (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). Chilled iron castings are the most common material used for fabricating Camshafts as the chilling of iron castings gives them greater wear resistance and surface hardness (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
Crankcase
The Crankcase is located below the cylinder block (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The Crankcase also has the main bearing in which the crank rotates (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The Crankcase encloses the Crankshaft and connecting rod assembly and protects them from dust, dirt, and other foreign materials (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). It’s also filled with air and oil and is sealed off from the fuel-air mixture and exhaust gases in the combustion chamber by the piston rings (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The Crankcase is made from the same materials as the cylinder block i.e. aluminum or cast iron (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
Valves
Valves used in the IC engines are called poppet valves (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). They have a long thin circular rod known as the valve stem at the end of which is a flat circular disk called the valve head (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The valve head has a tapered section connecting to the rod which forms the valve seat (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The valve slides in a valve guide and sits in the valve seat when closed which is machined in the head (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The valves are made from steel alloys and they may be filled with sodium to increase the heat transfer capacity (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
Fuel Pump
The fuel in a CI engine is not mixed with air unlike SI engines but is sprayed into the combustion chamber through a nozzle for ignition (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The Fuel Pump consists of a spring-loaded piston valve in a cylinder (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). When fuel from the fuel filter is introduced into the Fuel Pump, the spring-loaded piston applies pressure on it (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019). The pressure is transmitted through the pressure lines and finally to the injector which has a nozzle opening in the cylinder (Principal Engine Parts of a Car, 2019).
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Function
A car engine works just the same as how a body converts food into energy, and accordingly, a car engine converts gas into motion (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). Although some newer cars, known as hybrids, also use electricity from batteries to help propel a vehicle (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). “The process of converting gasoline into motion is called ‘internal combustion.’ Internal combustion engines use small, controlled explosions to generate the power needed to move your car all the places it needs to go” (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). These explosions make the pistons in the engine move (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). So when the energy from the first explosion has almost run out, another explosion occurs (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). “This forces the pistons to move again. The cycle continues, again and again, giving the car the power needed to run” (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). The engine contains motors, which are planned around fixed, versatile metal chambers (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). Most current vehicles have somewhere in the range of four and eight chambers, however, a few vehicles can have upwards of sixteen (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). The chambers are made to open and close at specific moments to get fuel to consolidate with the sparkle for consumption inside and to deliver the fumes gases created (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). The cylinder would, in any case, be needed to go all over twice to perform one unit of work. In the primary stroke, the cylinder drops down and sucks a combination of air and fuel into the chamber through a valve (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). In the subsequent advance, the cylinder moves upwards, compacting and warming the blend simultaneously (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). The pressing factor created by the blast pushes the cylinder down rapidly in the ignition stroke (How Does an Engine Work, 2020). And thereby, resulting in combustion making the engine in the end function (How Does an Engine Work, 2020).
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Conclusion In conclusion, because of the invention of the car engine, which in turn allowed for the invention of the car as a whole, or generally land mobiles, it has also allowed for individuals to travel efficiently from one destination to another. Without the car engine, cars wouldn’t function successfully. For the engine to work, the various smaller parts that make it up must work with one another to create combustion that allows for it to function. Their working together is what allows the engine, and therefore cars and other vehicles, to function and also permits humans to efficiently save time traveling. In the end, the car engine changed the world.
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Works Cited
Cox, L. (2017, September 13). Who Invented the Car? Livescience.Com. https://www.livescience.com/37538-who-invented-the-car.html#:%7E:text=Karl%20Benz%20patented%20the%20three,the%20first%20true%2C%20modern%20automobile.
How a Car Works. (2019). The engine. How a Car Works. https://www.howacarworks.com/basics/the-engine.
How Does an Engine Work? Wonderopolis. (2020). https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-does-an-engine-work.Principal Engine Parts of a Car. (2019, January 24). AxleAddict. https://axleaddict.com/auto-repair/Principal-Engine-Parts-and-their-materials
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